Exogenous application of salicylic acid induces salinity tolerance in eggplant seedlings / Aplicação exógena de ácido salicílico induz tolerância à salinidade em mudas de berinjela

Abstract Under salt stress conditions, plant growth is reduced due to osmotic, nutritional and oxidative imbalance. However, salicylic acid acts in the mitigation of this abiotic stress by promoting an increase in growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, synthesis of osmoregulators and antioxidant enzymes. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid doses on the growth and physiological changes of eggplant seedlings under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where the treatments were distributed in randomized blocks using a central composite matrix Box with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (CEw) (0.50; 1.08; 2.50; 3.92 and 4.50 dS m-1), associated with five doses of salicylic acid (SA) (0.00; 0.22; 0.75; 1.28 and 1.50 mM), with four repetitions and each plot composed of three plants. At 40 days after sowing, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, and total dry mass were determined. ECw and SA application influenced the growth and physiological changes of eggplant seedlings. Increasing the ECw reduced growth in the absence of SA. Membrane damage with the use of SA remained stable up to 3.9 dS m-1 of ECw. The relative water content independent of the CEw increased with 1.0 mM of SA. The use of SA at the concentration of 1.0 mM mitigated the deleterious effect of salinity on seedling growth up to 2.50 dS m-1 of ECw.

Resumo Em condições de estresse salino, o crescimento das plantas é reduzido, em virtude, do desequilíbrio osmótico, nutricional e oxidativo. Contudo, o ácido salicílico atua na mitigação desse estresse abiótico por promover incremento no crescimento, fotossíntese, metabolismo do nitrogênio, síntese de osmorreguladores e enzimas antioxidantes. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de doses de ácido salicílico sobre o crescimento e alterações fisiológicas de mudas de berinjela sob estresse salino. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, onde os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso utilizando uma matriz composta central Box com cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa) (0,50; 1,08; 2,50; 3,92 e 4,50 dS m-1), associada a cinco doses de ácido salicílico (AS) (0,00; 0,22; 0,75; 1,28 e 1,50 mM), com quatro repetições e cada parcela composta por três plantas. Aos 40 dias após a semeadura, foram determinados a altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, área foliar, vazamento de eletrólito, teor relativo de água e massa seca total. A CEa e a aplicação de AS influenciaram no crescimento e nas alterações fisiológicas das mudas de berinjela. O aumento da CEa reduziu o crescimento na ausência de AS. O dano de membrana com o uso de AS manteve-se estável até 3,9 dS m-1 de CEa. O conteúdo relativo de água independentemente da CEa aumentou com 1 mM de SA. O uso de AS na concentração de 1 mM mitigou o efeito deletério da salinidade no crescimento das mudas até 2,50 dS m-1 de CEa.

Physiological regulation of salicylic acid on Helianthus tubeuosus upon copper stress and root FTIR analysis / 生物工程学报

Phytoremediation plays an important role in the treatment of heavy metal pollution in soil. In order to elucidate the mechanism of salicylic acid (SA) on copper absorption, seedlings from Xuzhou (with strong Cu-tolerance) and Weifang Helianthus tuberosus cultivars (with weak Cu-tolerance) were selected for pot culture experiments. 1 mmol/L SA was sprayed upon 300 mg/kg soil copper stress, and the photosynthesis, leaf antioxidant system, several essential mineral nutrients and the changes of root upon copper stress were analyzed to explore the mechanism of copper resistance. The results showed that Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci upon copper stress decreased significantly compared to the control group. Meanwhile, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid decreased with significant increase in initial fluorescence (F0), maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), electron transfer rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) content all decreased. The ascorbic acid (AsA) content was decreased, the glutathione (GSH) value was increased, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in the leaves were decreased, and the peroxidase (POD) activity was significantly increased. SA increased the Cu content in the ground and root system, and weakened the nutrient uptake capacity of K, Ca, Mg, and Zn in the root stem and leaves. Spray of exogenous SA can maintain the opening of leaf stomata, improve the adverse effect of copper on photosynthetic pigment and PSⅡ reaction center. Mediating the SOD and APX activity started the AsA-GSH cycle process, effectively regulated the antioxidant enzyme system in chrysanthemum taro, significantly reduced the copper content of all parts of the plant, and improved the ion exchange capacity in the body. External SA increased the content of the negative electric group on the root by changing the proportion of components in the root, promoted the absorption of mineral nutrient elements and the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances, strengthened the fixation effect of the root on metal copper, and avoided its massive accumulation in the H. tuberosus body, so as to alleviate the inhibitory effect of copper on plant growth. The study revealed the physiological regulation of SA upon copper stress, and provided a theoretical basis for planting H. tuberosus to repair soil copper pollution.

Effectiveness of 100% tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) versus salicylic acid + lactic acid solution in the treatment of common warts: A randomized controlled trial

Background@#Common warts are a common malady among patients. Not only does it affect the person physically but also mentally and socially. Several treatment modalities are available; however, the major concerns are the treatment cost and adverse effect profile. Salicylic + lactic acid (SLA) solution is one of the standard treatment modalities owing to its strong keratolytic properties; however, its cost and adverse effects limit its use among patients. A cost-effective and safe alternative treatment is ideal to bring about a more favorable clinical outcome and better patient satisfaction. 100% tea tree oil (TTO) solution was used in this study due to its natural antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties.@*Objective@#The study aimed to compare the safety and effectiveness of 100% TTO versus SLA solution in the treatment of common warts.@*Methods@#A total of 17 patients with a total of 74 warts were included in the study. Each wart was assigned to either of the two treatment groups. the SLA group and the 100% TTO group. A treatment period of 6 weeks was used to assess the effectiveness of both treatment groups.@*Results@#The study showed no significant difference between the SLA solution and 100% TTO in the treatment of common warts. The 100% tea tree group reported lesser adverse effects. Both treatment groups reported favorable treatment satisfaction.@*Conclusion@#100% TTO is a potentially safe and cost-effective alternative in the treatment of common warts.

Osmoprotection in Salvia hispanica L seeds under water stress attenuators / Osmoproteção em sementes de Salvia hispanica L sob atenuadores do estresse hídrico

Salvia hispanica cultivation is recent in Brazil and occurs in the off-season, when there is lower water availability in the soil. Water deficit is one of the abiotic factors that most limit germination for compromising the sequence of metabolic events that culminate with seedling emergence. Several attenuating substances have been used to mitigate the effects resulting from this stress and give higher tolerance to the species. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the action of different agents as water stress attenuators in the germination and accumulation of organic compounds in S. hispanica seedlings. The treatments consisted of pre-soaking the seeds for 4 hours in salicylic acid (1 mM.L-¹), gibberellic acid (0.4 mM.L-¹), distilled water and control treatment (without soaking). The seeds were germinated at osmotic potentials of 0.0, -0.1, -0.2, -0.3 and -0.4 MPa, using PEG 6000 as an osmotic agent. The variables germination percentage, germination speed index, shoot and primary root lengths, total dry mass, proline, total soluble sugars and total free amino acids were analyzed. Salicylic acid and gibberellic acid led to the best results among the attenuators tested, increasing germination, length, dry mass and biochemical components of S. hispanica seedlings under water deficit. Therefore, salicylic and gibberellic acids are efficient in mitigating water stress in S. hispanica seeds up to the potential of -0.4 MPa.

O cultivo da Salvia hispanica é recente no Brasil e se dá no período de entressafra, quando há menor disponibilidade hídrica no solo. O déficit hídrico é um dos fatores abióticos que mais limitam a germinação por comprometer a sequência de eventos metabólicos que culminam com a emergência da plântula. Diversas substâncias atenuadoras têm sido empregadas com a finalidade de mitigar os efeitos resultantes desse estresse e conferir maior tolerância às espécies. Desse modo, objetivou-se avaliar a ação de diferentes agentes como atenuadores do estresse hídrico na germinação e acúmulo de compostos orgânicos em plântulas de S. hispanica. Os tratamentos consistiram na pré-embebição das sementes durante 4 horas em ácido salicílico (1 mM.L-¹), ácido giberélico (0,4 mM.L-¹), água destilada e o tratamento controle (sem embebição). As sementes foram germinadas sob os potenciais osmóticos 0,0, -0,1, -0,2, -0,3 e -0,4 MPa, utilizando PEG 6000 como agente osmótico. Analisaram-se as variáveis porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e da raiz primária, massa seca total, prolina, açúcares solúveis totais e aminoácidos livres totais. O ácido salicílico e o ácido giberélico apresentaram os melhores resultados, dentre os atenuadores testados, incrementando a germinação, o comprimento, a massa seca e os componentes bioquímicos de plântulas de S. hispanica sob déficit hídrico. Logo, os ácidos salicílico e giberélico são eficientes na mitigação do estresse hídrico em sementes de S. hispanica até o potencial -0,4 MPa.

Chemical profile, anti 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxegenase inhibitory effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome, callus and callus treated with elicitors / Perfil químico, anti-5-lipoxigenase e efeitos inibitórios da ciclooxegenase do rizoma de gengibre (Zingiber officinale), do calo e calos tratados com elicitores

The present study investigated the chemical profiles and evaluated the inhibitory effect against 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) activity for extracts of ginger rhizome, callus, and callus treated with the elicitors; yeast extract (100, 300 and 500 mg/L), glycine (100, 200 and 300 mg/L) and salicylic acid (100 and 200 mg/L). Oils and chloroform: methanol (CM) extracts were prepared by maceration in petroleum ether and CM (1:1, v/v), respectively. Chemical profiles were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Oil of the callus recorded higher 5-Lox inhibitory effect (IC50 58.33±4.66 µg/mL) than the oil of rhizome (IC50168.34±15.64 µg/mL) and comparable to that of the positive control; Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (IC50 61.25±1.02 µg/mL). The chemical profile of the callus oil contained large amounts of fatty acids, mainly the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid (31.11%) and saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (28.56%). Elicitors modified the chemical profile of the callus and ameliorated the anti-5-Lox activity of CM extract of the callus. CM extracts of callus treated with 100 and 300 mg/L yeast extract and 50 mg/L salicylic acid significantly suppressed (P ≤ 0.05) the 5-Lox activity by 33.16%, 25.46% and 16%, respectively as compared to the CM extract of untreated callus. In conclusion, ginger callus could be considered as a valuable dietary supplement in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os perfis químicos e avaliar o efeito inibitório da atividade da 5-Lipoxigenase (5-Lox) em extratos de rizoma, calo e calo de gengibre tratados com os eliciadores; extrato de levedura (100, 300 e 500 mg / L), glicina (100, 200 e 300 mg / L) e ácido salicílico (100 e 200 mg / L). Extratos de óleos e clorofórmio: metanol (CM) foram preparados por maceração em éter e CM (1: 1, v / v), respectivamente. Os perfis químicos foram determinados por análise de cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massa (GC / MS). O óleo do calo registrou maior efeito inibitório de 5-Lox (IC50 58,33 ± 4,66 µg / mL) do que o óleo de rizoma (IC50168,34 ± 15,64 µg / mL) e comparável ao do controle positivo; Ácido nordi-hidroguaiarético (IC50 61,25 ± 1,02 µg / mL). O perfil químico do óleo de calo continha grandes quantidades de ácidos graxos, principalmente o ácido graxo insaturado ácido oleico (31,11%) e ácido graxo saturado palmítico (28,56%). Os elicitores modificaram o perfil químico do calo e melhoraram a atividade anti-5-Lox do extrato de CM do calo. Extratos de CM de calos tratados com 100 e 300 mg / L de extrato de levedura e 50 mg / L de ácido salicílico suprimiram significativamente (P ≤ 0,05) a atividade de 5-Lox em 33,16%, 25,46% e 16%, respectivamente, em comparação com o extrato de CM de calo não tratado. Em conclusão, o calo de gengibre pode ser considerado um suplemento dietético valioso no tratamento de vários distúrbios inflamatórios.

A randomized controlled study on the efficacy and safety of zinc oxide 20% ointment versus salicylic acid 15% + lactic acid 15% ointment in the treatment of patients with Verruca vulgaris in a tertiary hospital

Background@#Verruca vulgaris are scaly, rough papules or nodules caused by the human papilloma virus.@*Objective@#To determine the efficacy and safety of topical zinc oxide ointment versus topical salicylic acid + lactic acid ointment as treatment among patients with verruca vulgaris.@*Methods@#This randomized, double-blind, 6-week study involved 29 patients with verruca vulgaris in a tertiary center who received zinc oxide 20% ointment or salicylic acid 15% + lactic acid 15% ointment applied daily and occluded with LeukoplastTM tape. Evaluation was done every two weeks.@*Results@#There was significant decrease in number of warts in the zinc oxide group (p=0.004), while it was not significant in the salicylic acid+lactic acid group (p=0.392). Comparison between the two groups was not significant (p>0.05). Both zinc oxide (P=0.000) and salicylic acid+lactic acid groups (P=0.025) had significant decrease in size of warts from baseline to 6th week of observation. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of adverse events such as erythema (P>0.05), edema (P>0.05), tenderness (P>0.05), and scaling (P>0.05); however, itching was significantly higher at 4th week in the salicylic acid+lactic acid group B (16.7%). Among the zinc oxide group, 100% would recommend the treatment, while only 71.4% would recommend salicylic acid+lactic acid. The satisfaction levels of zinc oxide group were also statistically higher than salicylic acid+lactic acid group (p=0.000).@*Conclusion@#Zinc oxide 20% ointment is a safe and effective option for the treatment of verruca vulgaris especially among patients that would prefer non-traumatic measures in the removal of their warts.

Exogenous application of salicylic acid to control coffee rust

The exogenous application of salicylic acid can induce plant resistance against pathogens. However, little is known about the potential uses of this bioregulator for controlling coffee diseases. In this study, we assessed the effect of applying salicylic acid (SA – 150 mg L-1) on the management of coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in a 7-year-old coffee plantation with low crop load (651.6 kg ha-1 in 2017). For comparison, plants were sprayed with protectant fungicide (copper hydroxide – CH) and standard fungicides (SF) used by local farmers (boscalid, pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole, and copper hydroxide). Non-treated plants were included as a negative control. Five monthly applications were performed from November 2016 to March 2017. Rust incidence and severity, defoliation, and growth of plagiotropic branches were evaluated monthly. The activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total proteins was assessed one day after the first, third, and fifth product applications. Compared to untreated plants, SA reduced the severity and incidence of rust from 36.3 to 54.7%, while CH and SF reduced disease from 31.8 to 54.6% and from 83.8 to 88%, respectively. SA reduced defoliation by 54.1%. SA increased the concentration of CAT, APX, and SOD after the first application. However, this effect was not observed after subsequent applications. Foliar application of SA reduces the severity and incidence of coffee rust and defoliation in plants with a low crop load.

Bovine digital dermatitis in the Brazilian Amazon biome and topical treatment with Copaifera reticulata oil / Dermatite digital bovina no bioma amazônico brasileiro e tratamento tópico com óleo de Copaifera reticulata

Bovine Digital Dermatitis (BDD) was studied in crossbred dairy cows grazing in Rondon do Pará, in the state of Pará, as well as in Açailândia and Cidelândia, in the state of Maranhão, Brazilian Amazon biome. The digits inspection from the dairy cows during milking was performed in ten farms comprising four visits (August and November 2016; April and July 2017). The cows were kept all year in pastures, and were mechanically milked on concrete floors and the animals were protected against the rains in eight farms, maintaining a daily cleaning, however, it could not be found a concrete floor in pre- or post-milking to ensure milking parlor on three farms. Manual milking on no concrete floors was performed in two farms. No preventive measures against hoof lesions were adopted. The BDD prevalence was 1.3% (22/1664), and no statistical difference among rainy or no rainy season was obtained (p = 0.72). The BDD lesions were classified according to "M system" (M0 = no lesion, M1 = active ulceration <2cm, M2 = active ulceration >2cm, M3 = healing stage, M4 = chronic stage, M4.1 = M4 with active ulceration). Regarding the 22 BDD lesions observed, 22.7% (5/22) were M1 stage, 36.4% (8/22) M2, 22.7% (5/22) M3, 13.6% (3/22) M4 and 4.5 (1/22) M4.1. Hypertrophic hairs at the edges of the lesions caused by fly larvae of genus Cochliomyia spp. as well as alterations on the hoof were also observed. Topical treatment was performed in six BDD lesions with a raw extract from trees of the genus Copaifera reticulata (Copaiba oil) and compared with the treatment of salicylic acid paste in five BDD lesions. The lesions were protected with a bandage for seven days and followed weekly until recovery. The complete therapeutic responses were 83.4% (5/6) and 75% (3/4), respectively, with an average time of seven weeks. The BDD in the Amazon biome occurs in low prevalence, not seasonal, and presents macro and microscopic features similar to BDD lesions from dairy cattle kept in free-stall housing. The treatment with copaiba oil showed similar results to the treatment of salicylic acid paste and can be used in control measures to BDD in the Amazon biome.(AU)

A dermatite digital bovina (DDB) foi estudada em vacas mestiças leiteiras nos municípios de Rondon do Pará no Pará, Açailândia e Cidelândia no Maranhão, bioma amazônico brasileiro. Para tanto, foram realizadas quatro visitas a 10 propriedades, nos meses de agosto e novembro em 2016 e abril e julho em 2017, e realizada a inspeção dos dígitos de 1.664 vacas em lactação durante a ordenha. Nestas propriedades as vacas eram criadas a pasto durante todo o ano e ordenhadas mecanicamente em oito propriedades. As quais, as salas de ordenha tinham piso concretado, com proteção contra as chuvas e era realizada a limpeza diariamente. No entanto, em três dessas propriedades, as salas de pré ou pós ordenha tinham piso não concretado e em duas, a ordenha era manual em piso de chão batido. Em todas elas não havia medidas profiláticas para afecções podais. A prevalência de DDB foi de 1,3% (22/1.664) e não se obteve diferença estatística entre os períodos chuvoso e não chuvoso (P = 0,72). As lesões observadas foram classificadas de acordo com o sistema M (M0-sem lesão; M1-lesão ulcerada <2cm; M2-lesão ulcerada >2cm; M3-lesão em cicatrização; M4-lesão crônica; M4.1- M4 com área ulcerada). De 22 lesões observadas, 22,7% (5/22) apresentavam-se em estágio M1, 36,4% (8/22) em M2, 22,7% (5/22) em M3, 13,6% (3/22) em M4 e 4,5% (1/22) em M4.1. Pelos hipertrofiados nos bordos das lesões, larvas de moscas do gênero Cochliomyia spp. e alterações no tecido córneo também foram observados. Nas lesões de 11 bovinos, em seis, foi realizado o tratamento tópico com extrato bruto de Copaifera reticulata (óleo de copaíba) e em cinco, com a pasta de ácido salicílico a 660mg/g e ambos os tratamentos foram protegidos com bandagem por sete dias. Após, as lesões foram acompanhadas semanalmente até a cura e obteve-se um índice de 83,4% (5/6) e 75% (3/4) de cura com esses tratamentos, respectivamente, com uma média de 7 semanas. Conclui-se que no bioma amazônico a DDB ocorre em baixa prevalência, não sazonal e com características macroscópicas semelhantes às lesões de vacas leiteiras criadas em sistema free stall. O tratamento com o óleo da copaíba apresentou resultados semelhante ao ácido salicílico e pode ser uma alternativa como medida de controle da DDB no bioma amazônico.(AU)

Physiological changes in Solanum lycopersicum L. in the presence of root-knot nematodes and salicylic acid / Alterações fisiológicas em Solanum lycopersicum L. na presença de nematóides das galhas e ácido salicílico

Nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne spp. are one of the tomato culture's main pathogens. According to their soil infestation level, physiological changes may occur. Consequently, it is extremely important to employ given products to minimize their effect. A feasible option is the salicylic acid, a phytohormone that can induce into resistance due to its ability to increase the production level of some pathogenicity proteins. Therefore, the purpose hereof was to assess the effect of salicylic acid on the physiology of tomato plants subject to different populational densities of Meloidogyne javanica. The design employed was one of randomized blocks, in an incomplete factorial scheme, using the Box Central Compound (BCC) matrix with five nematode populational densities (PD) (0; 5815; 20000; 34184; and 40000 eggs per plant) and five salicylic acid doses (0.0; 0.29; 1.0; 1.71; and 2.0 mM), with four repetitions and two plants per experimental patch. The gas exchanges, fluorescence, and chlorophyll levels were evaluated 45 days after the transplant and soil infestation. The data were submitted for analysis of variance through the F test and, in the significance cases, the polynomial regression analysis was performed. For stomatal conductance, a greater reduction was seen at the PD of 21755 eggs per plant, a fact that might have decreased the liquid assimilation of CO2 and the efficiency of carboxylation. The salicylic acid (SA) affected the CO2 liquid assimilation and the efficiency of carboxylation. The infestation of M. javanica in tomato plants negatively affected the gas exchange and the chlorophyll levels because the SA application did not mitigate the negative effect thereof.

Os nematoides do gênero Meloidogyne spp. são um dos principais patógenos na cultura do tomate, podendo causar alterações fisiológicas em função do nível de infestação do solo. O uso de produtos que minimize seus efeitos é de suma importância, nesse sentido, o ácido salicílico pode ser uma alternativa viável, visto que, esse fitormônio pode induzir a resistência devido à capacidade de proporcionar um aumento na produção de algumas proteínas de patogenicidade. Com isso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do ácido salicílico na fisiologia do tomateiro submetido a diferentes densidades populacionais de Meloidogyne javanica. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial incompleto, utilizando-se a matriz Composto Central de Box (CCB) com cinco densidades populacionais (DP) de nematoides (0; 5815; 20000; 34184 e 40000 ovos por planta) e cinco doses de ácido salicílico (0,0; 0,29; 1,0; 1,71 e 2,0 mM), com quatro repetições e duas plantas por parcela experimental. Foram avaliadas as trocas gasosas, fluorescências e índices de clorofilas aos 45 dias após o transplantio e infestação do solo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F e nos casos de significância foi realizada análise de regressão polinomial. Para a condutância estomática, observou-se uma maior redução na DP de 21755 ovos por planta, fato que pode ter ocasionado reduções na assimilação líquida de CO2 e na eficiência de carboxilação. O ácido salicílico (AS) influenciou na assimilação líquida de CO2 e eficiência de carboxilação. A infestação por M. javanica em plantas de tomateiro influenciou negativamente nas trocas gasosas e nos teores de clorofila, sendo que a aplicação do AS não atenuou os efeitos negativos desses patógenos.

Monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4) and salicylic acid (SA) as seed priming in Vicia faba L. and Vicia sativa L. / Fosfato de monopotássio (KH2PO4) e ácido salicílico (SA) como primagem de sementes em Vicia faba L. e Vicia sativa L.

The first experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of seed priming on germination behavior and seedling establishment in Vicia faba and Vicia sativa, for that, seeds priming was done using SA (100 µM) and KH2PO4. In order to determine the optimal concentration of KH2PO4 for improving germination, different concentrations were used: 25 µM, 50 µM, and 100 µM. The best germination behavior and seedling establishment were obtained with 25 and 50 µM KH2PO4, respectively for Vicia faba and Vicia sativa. Moreover, data showed that 100 µM of SA improved seed germination as well as the seedling establishment for both species. The second experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of seed priming for improving phosphorous (P) deficiency tolerance. To do, seedling obtained from primed and nonprimed seeds were grown in a hydroponic culture system with three different treatments: control (C, medium containing sufficient P concentration: 360 µM KH2PO4), direct phosphorus-deficient (DD, medium containing only 10 µM KH2PO4), and induced P deficiency by bicarbonate (ID, medium containing sufficient P concentration: 360 µM KH2PO4 + 0.5 g L-1 CaCO3 + 10 mM NaHCO3). Furthermore, the role of exogenous SA applied to P deficiency tolerance enhancement was explored. Seed priming or the exogenous application of SA significantly reduced the severity effect of P deficiency. In fact, the pretreated plants were observed more tolerant to P deficiency as reflected from the significant increase in plant biomass, P uptake, and an efficient antioxidant system. Overall, this paper highlights the beneficial effect of seeds priming or the exogenous application of SA in the improvement of plant tolerance to phosphorus deficiency.

A deficiência de fósforo (P) é um fator ambiental adverso comum que limita a produção agrícola em todo o mundo. Este estudo é uma avaliação do efeito benéfico da técnica de priming de sementes para tolerância à deficiência de P em Vicia faba e Vicia sativa. Para avaliar o impacto do condicionamento das sementes no comportamento germinativo de Vicia faba e Vicia sativa, suas sementes foram imersas em diferentes concentrações de KH2PO4 (25 µM, 50 µM e 100 µM) e em 100 µM de ácido salicílico (SA) por 24 h. Os resultados obtidos definiram KH2PO4 50 µM (para Vicia sativa) e KH2PO4 25 µM (para Vicia faba) como as concentrações ótimas que garantem uma melhor germinação das sementes. Além disso, os dados mostraram que a SA melhora a germinação de sementes e o estabelecimento de mudas. Posteriormente, para investigar a contribuição dessa técnica no aumento da tolerância à deficiência de P, sementes preparadas e não preparadas foram cultivadas em solução hidropônica com três tratamentos diferentes: controle (C, meio contendo concentração suficiente de P: KH2PO4 360 µM), deficiente em fósforo direto (DD, meio contendo apenas 10 µM de KH2PO4) e deficiência induzida de P por bicarbonato (ID, meio contendo concentração suficiente de P: 360 µM de KH2PO4 + 0,5 g l-1 de CaCO3 + 10 mM de NaHCO3). Além disso, o papel da SA exógeno aplicada no aumento da tolerância à deficiência de P foi explorado. A preparação das sementes ou a aplicação exógena de SA reduziu significativamente o efeito da severidade da deficiência de P. De fato, as plantas pré-tratadas foram observadas mais tolerantes à deficiência de P, refletidas no aumento significativo da biomassa da planta, na absorção de P e em um eficiente sistema antioxidante. No geral, este artigo destaca o efeito benéfico da priming de sementes ou a aplicação exógena de SA na melhoria da tolerância das plantas à deficiência de fósforo.

Control of anthracnose in papaya fruits by acetylsalicylic acid and 1-methylcyclopropene / Controle da antracnose em mamão por ácido acetil salicílico e 1-metilciclopropeno

This study assessed the effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to control anthracnose in papaya (cultivar Golden). Disinfested-surface fruits were inoculated with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and then the compounds were applied. The lesion diameters and the physical-chemical properties were analyzed. Assays were carried out with ASA and 1-MCP targeting the control of anthracnose and maintenance of the fruit's physical-chemical properties. The effect of ASA (20 mM; 20 min) on reducing lesion diameter occurred when applied before inoculation. Fruits treated with 1-MCP (300ppb) for 12 h showed a smaller lesion diameter than control. For the physical-chemical analysis, fruit treated with 1-MCP (200; 300 ppb; 12h) maintained fruit firmness, delayed fruit ripening and fruit fresh weight loss.

Neste trabalho avaliou-se o efeito do ácido acetilsalicílico (ASA) e 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) no controle da antracnose do mamão (cv Golden). Para isso o Colletotrichum gloeosporioides foi inoculado em frutos superfícialmente desinfestados para depois aplicar-se os compostos. O diâmetro das lesões e as características físico-químicas foram determinadas. Os ensaios foram conduzidos com ASA e 1-MCP visando o controle da antracnose e a manutenção das características físico-químicas do fruto. O efeito do AAS (20 mM; 20 min) na redução do diâmetro da lesão ocorreu quando aplicado antes da inoculação. Frutos tratados com 1-MCP (300 ppb) por 12 horas apresentaram menor diâmetro de lesão que controle. Para a análise físico-química, frutos tratados com 1-MCP (200; 300 ppb; 12h) mantiveram a firmeza, o amadurecimento tardio e a perda de massa fresca dos frutos.

Mechanism of salicylic acid ameliorates salt-induced changes in Andrographis paniculata / 中国中药杂志

In this study, Andrographis paniculata seedlings were used as experimental materials to study the effects of salicylic acid(SA) on the growth and effective component accumulation of A. paniculata under NaCl stress. The results showed that with the increase of NaCl concentration, the growth of A. paniculata seedlings was significantly inhibited, and the content of carotene and carotenoid decreased. The activity of antioxidant enzyme was enhanced. At the same time, the contents of proline, proline and soluble protein were on the rise. The contents of andrographolide, new andrographolide and deoxyandrographolide showed an upward trend, while deoxyandrographolide showed a downward trend. Treatment with 100 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl+5 mg·L~(-1) SA showed a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity in A. paniculata leaves. Treatment with 100 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl+10 mg·L~(-1) SA showed significant changes in soluble protein and proline content in A. paniculata leaves, while MDA content in A. paniculata leaves significantly decreased. 10 mg·L~(-1) SA had the best effect on the growth of A. paniculata seedlings under salt stress. Under the treatment of 50 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl+10 mg·L~(-1) SA, fresh weight, dry weight and leaf dry weight of A. paniculata seedlings reached the highest level, which were 1.02, 1.09 and 1.11 times of those in the control group, respectively. The concentrations of NaCl and 10 mg·L~(-1) SA were significantly higher than those of the control group. Four key enzyme genes of A. paniculata diterpene lactone synthesis pathway were selected to explore the molecular mechanism of salicylic acid to alleviate salt stress. With the increase of salt stress, the relative expressions of HMGR, GGPS and ApCPS were up-regulated, indicating that salt stress may enhance the synthesis of A. paniculata diterpene lactone through MVA pathway. SA can effectively promote the growth and development of A. paniculata under salt stress, improve its osmotic regulation and antioxidant capacity, improve its salt tolerance, and alleviate the effects of salt stress on A. paniculata.

Effects of irrigation water salinity and salicylic acid on germination and vigor of Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L. ) Kuntze / Efeitos da salinidade da água de irrigação e do ácido salicílico na germinação e no vigor de Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L. ) Kuntze

Salinity is one of the factors that negatively impact plant growth and productivity; therefore, it is necessary to seek solutions that help mitigate the degenerative action of saline stress on crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of salicylic acid (SA) on the germination and vigor of Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze seeds subjected to salinity. The experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design, in an incomplete 5 × 5 factorial scheme, with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw - 0.0, 1.45, 5.00, 8.55, and 10.00 dS m-1) and five doses of SA (0.0, 0.29, 1.00, 1.71, and 2.00 mM), with four replications of 50 seeds, totaling nine combinations generated via a central composite design. The germination percentage, first germination count, germination speed index, average germination time, percentage of abnormal seedlings, shoot, root, and seedling lengths, and total seedling dry mass were evaluated. Salicylic acid attenuated the effect of saline stress on initial growth, mitigating damage to root and shoot lengths. Seed priming with salicylic acid improved germination and seed vigor.(AU)

A salinidade é um dos fatores que promove a inibição no crescimento e produtividade vegetal, sendo necessária a busca por alternativas que auxiliem na mitigação da ação degenerativa do estresse salino às culturas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar doses de ácido salicílico na germinação e vigor de sementes de Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze submetidas à salinidade. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial incompleto 5 x 5, com cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa de 0,0; 1,45; 5,00; 8,55 e 10,00 dS m-1) e cinco doses de AS de (0,0; 0,29; 1,00; 1,71 e 2,00 mM L-1), com quatro repetições de 50 sementes, totalizando nove combinações geradas via matriz Composto Central de Box. As variáveis avaliadas foram: porcentagem de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, porcentagem de plântulas anormais, comprimento da parte aérea, radícula e plântula e massa seca total de plântulas. O ácido salicílico atenua o efeito do estresse salino sobre o crescimento inicial, mitigando os danos sobre o comprimento de radícula e da parte aérea. O tratamento das sementes com ácido salicílico melhora a germinação e o vigor das sementes.(AU)

Clinical study on treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis with intense pulsed light combined with 30% supramolecular salicylic acid

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we investigated the effects of intense pulsed light (IPL) combined with 30% supramolecular salicylic acid on facial seborrheic dermatitis. METHODS: A total of 45 patients with mild or moderate facial seborrheic dermatitis were selected from our hospital between September 2018 and September 2019. The patients were divided into three groups consisting of 15 patients each. The first group was exposed to a combination of IPL and 30% supramolecular salicylic acid treatment, the second group was exposed to the IPL treatment alone, and the third group was exposed to the 30% supramolecular salicylic acid treatment alone. They were treated once every 4 weeks in three consecutive rounds. RESULTS: Facial lesions and symptoms were observed 4 and 12 weeks after the first treatment, and adverse reactions were recorded. The combination group showed significant improvement in symptoms 4 weeks after the first treatment, while the individual treatment groups showed no significant improvement. After three rounds of treatments, seborrheic dermatitis had significantly decreased in the three groups; the efficacy of the combined treatment group was significantly higher than that of the IPL group and the 30% supramolecular salicylic acid group. CONCLUSION: IPL combined with 30% supramolecular salicylic acid was effective in the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis and provided a quicker result with no adverse reactions.

Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia: a case report and review of literature

Objective: Multifocal epithelial hyperplasia (MEH) or Heck's disease is a rare benign disorder caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). It is characterized by multiple soft well demarcated nodules of the oral mucosa. They are commonly seen in buccal, labial and lingual mucosa. However, tonsilar and gingival lesions have also been reported. A detailed clinical history, examination and histopahological review is needed to arrive at a diagnosis. The aim of this report is to show the successful treatment of MEH using Salicylic acid and Zinc supplement. Case Report. Two cases of a 5year old Hausa girl and 7-year-old Hausa boy with a widespread oral lesion of 8 months and 1-year duration respectively. The diagnosis of the case reported were based on clinical evaluation and histopathological investigation. The presence of multiple painless pink nodules and papules on the lips, buccal mucosa and the gingiva as well as histological presence of koliocytes and mitosoid seen on hematoxylin and eosin slide led to the diagnosis of MultifocalEpithelial Hyperplasia. Conclusion: We reported 2 cases of MEH, a rare benign oral mucosa lesion in a 5-year-old Hausa female and a 7year old Hausa male in North-West Nigeria who presented with 8 months and 1-year history of widespread oral mucosa lesion respectively and was treated successfully using salicylic acid and zinc supplement

Plant elicitation with salicylic acid increases bioactive compounds content and antioxidant activity in the infusion of Achillea millefolium L / Elicitação de plantas de achillea millefolium l. com ácido salicílico aumenta o teor de compostos ativos e a atividade antioxidante da infusão

This study evaluated the total polyphenols content and the antioxidant activity of the infusion prepared with leaves from Achillea millefolium L. plants treated with salicylic acid (SA). Field cultivated plants received SA foliar applications (T1: control; T2: 1.0 mmol L-1 applications at 20, 60 and 100 days after planting - DAP and T3: 1.0 mmol L-1 applications at 100 DAP during three days). The infusions from SA treated plants showed higher levels of total polyphenols and flavonoids compared to the control one. T2 and T3 infusions showed increases in the antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) tests. However, only T2 treated plants had higher antioxidant activity by inhibition of lipid peroxidation (TBARS). It was concluded that elicitation of A. millefolium plants with SA can be considered an adequate strategy to increase the production of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity of infusions.

Este estudo avaliou o teor total de polifenóis e a atividade antioxidante da infusão preparada com folhas de plantas de Achillea millefolium L. tratadas com ácido salicílico (AS). As plantas cultivadas em campo receberam aplicações foliares de AS (T1 ­ controle; T2 - aplicação de 1,0 mmol L-1aos 20, 60 e 100 dias após o plantio (DAP) e T3 ­ aplicações de 1,0 mmol L-1 aos 100 DAP durante três dias consecutivos). As infusões de plantas tratadas com AS apresentaram níveis mais elevados de polifenóis totais e flavonóides em comparação ao controle. As infusões T2 e T3 mostraram aumentos na atividade antioxidante por meio de testes de 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH), óxido nítrico (NO) e poder antioxidante de redução férrica (FRAP). No entanto, apenas plantas do tratamento T2 apresentaram maior atividade antioxidante por inibição da peroxidação lipídica (TBARS). Concluiu-se que a elicitação de plantas de A. millefolium com AS pode ser considerada uma estratégia adequada para aumentar a produção de compostos bioativos e a capacidade antioxidante das infusões.

Phenotypes of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions Caused by Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

PURPOSE: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are common cause of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs). The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics of SCARs induced by NSAIDs in the Korean SCAR registry. METHODS: A retrospective survey of NSAID-induced SCARs recorded between 2010 and 2015 at 27 university hospitals in Korea was conducted. Clinical phenotypes of SCARs were classified into Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), SJS-TEN overlap syndrome and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Causative NSAIDs were classified into 7 groups according to their chemical properties: acetaminophen, and propionic, acetic, salicylic, fenamic and enolic acids. RESULTS: A total of 170 SCARs, consisting of 85 SJS, 32 TEN, 17 SJS-TEN overlap syndrome and 36 DRESS reactions, were induced by NSAIDs: propionic acids (n=68), acetaminophen (n=38), acetic acids (n=23), salicylic acids (n=16), coxibs (n=8), fenamic acids (n=7), enolic acids (n=5) and unclassified (n=5). Acetic acids (22%) and coxibs (14%) accounted for higher portions of DRESS than other SCARs. The phenotypes of SCARs induced by both propionic and salicylic acids were similar (SJS, TEN and DRESS, in order). Acetaminophen was primarily associated with SJS (27%) and was less involved in TEN (10%). DRESS occurred more readily among subjects experiencing coxib-induced SCARs than other NSAID-induced SCARs (62.5% vs. 19.7%, P = 0.013). The mean time to symptom onset was longer in DRESS than in SJS or TEN (19.1 ± 4.1 vs. 6.8 ±1.5 vs. 12.1 ± 3.8 days). SCARs caused by propionic salicylic acids showed longer latency, whereas acetaminophen- and acetic acid-induced SCARs appeared within shorter intervals. CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicates that the phenotypes of SCARs may differ according to the chemical classifications of NSAIDs. To establish the mechanisms and incidences of NSAID-induced SCARs, further prospective studies are needed.

Effect of Salicylic Acid, 2,4-D and 2i-P on the Production of Secondary Metabolites in Garcinia brasiliensis Mart. Callus

Abstract The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of Salicylic acid, 2,4-D and 2-iP on the production of total phenolic and flavonoids as well in the levels of fukugetin and 7-epiclusianone in callus of Garcinia brasiliensis zygotic embryos. For this, Bacupari callus were exposed to different concentrations (0.0; 0.1; 1; 10; 100 µM) of Salicylic acid (SA) in the presence or in the absence of 72 μM 2-iP and 28.73 μM 2,4-D. The highest concentration of total phenolic occurred in the treatment with 100 μM SA in callus subcultured in the absence of 2,4-D and 2-iP, and with 10 μM SA in callus subcultured in the presence of these regulators. Concerning flavonoids, 2,4-D and 2-iP supplementation without the presence of the SA was sufficient for the highest levels. Additionally, it was possible to identify the fukugetin and 7-epiclusianone. However, the variation in the levels was very high, especially for the fukugetin. Therefore, in most treatments, there was no statistically difference. Except for the treatment with 10 μM SA + 2,4-D and 2-iP, where there was a significant increase in 7-epiclusianone.

Expresión de VEGF-A y VEGFR2 en Miocardio de Pollos Tratados con Ácido Acetilsalicílico (AAS) / VEGF-A and VEGFR2 Expression in Chicken Myocardium Treated with Acetylsalicylic Acid (AAS)

RESUMEN: Los niveles de VEGF y su unión a sus receptores son etapas claves en la regulación de la angiogénesis. El ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS), ampliamente utilizado en tratamiento post infarto al miocardio ha mostrado poseer un efecto antiangiogénico en modelos tumorales. Este efecto potencialmente contraproducente requiere ser estudiado en miocardio. El objetivo del presente trabajo es cuantificar el efecto de AAS y de ácido salicílico (AS) sobre la vascularización en membrana alantocoriónica (MAC) y sobre los niveles de VEGF-A y VEGFR2 en miocardio de embriones de pollo. Para ello, treinta fetos de pollo White Leghorn fueron instilados a los 10 días de gestación con 60 µL de DMSO 0,1 % (control) o conteniendo además 0,3 µmol de AAS o AS. A las 48 horas se realizó procesamiento histológico de MAC para recuento de vasos sanguíneos y de tejido cardíaco para cuantificar VEGF-A y VEGFR2 por inmunohistoquímica. La inmunorreactividad fue cuantificada mediante Image J. Tanto AAS como AS disminuyeron la densidad microvascular de MAC. En miocardio, AAS aunque no AS, disminuyó la concentración de VEGFR2. No hubo efecto sobre VEGF-A. En nuestro modelo experimental, fetos de pollo a los 10 días de gestación también se observó el efecto inhibidor de AAS sobre la angiogénesis en MAC. La disminución de VEGFR2 en cardiomiocitos sugiere que AAS también afecta la angiogénesis en miocardio sano, modificando la disponibilidad del receptor a VEGF. Estos hallazgos nos permiten postular que AAS podría interferir con la regeneración de tejido, en situaciones como post infarto al miocardio.

SUMMARY: The VEGF levels and its binding to its receptors are key stages in the regulation of angiogenesis. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), widely used in post-myocardial infarction treatment, has been shown to have an anti-angiogenic effect in tumor models. This potentially counterproductive effect requires to be studied in myocardium. The aim of this study is to quantify the effect of ASA and salicylic acid (SA) on the vascularization in chick allantochorionic membrane (CAM) and on the levels of VEGF-A and VEGFR2 in myocardium of chicken embryos. Thirty White Leghorn chicken fetuses were instilled at 10 days of gestation with 60 mL of 0.1 % DMSO (control) or also containing 0.3 mmol of ASA or SA. After 48 hours, CAM histological processing was performed to count blood vessels and heart tissue to quantify VEGFA and VEGFR2 by immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactivity was quantified by Image J. Both ASA and SA decreased CAM microvascular density. In myocardium, AAS, although not SA, decreased the concentration of VEGFR2. There was no effect on VEGF-A. In our experimental model, chicken fetuses at 10 days of gestation, the inhibitory effect of ASA on angiogenesis in CAM were also observed. The decrease in VEGFR2 in cardiomyocytes suggests that ASA also affects angiogenesis in healthy myocardium, modifying the availability of the receptor to VEGF. These findings allow us to postulate that ASA could interfere with tissue regeneration, when it is required, as post myocardial infarction.

Pentaerythritol Tetrasalicylate in the Chemical Composition of Root Canal Sealers

Abstract The aim of this study was to synthesize and evaluate physicochemical properties of a new salicylate derivative in experimental calcium-based root canal sealers. Two salicylate derivatives were synthesized for the transesterification reaction of methyl salicylate with two different alcohols (1,3-butylenoglicol disalicylate-BD and pentaerythritol tetrasalicylate -PT) in molar ratio 1:3 and 1:6, respectively. The products (BD and PT), were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (RMN). Calcium-based experimental sealers were prepared with the same catalyst paste (60% of MTA, 39% of n-ethyl-o-toluenesulfonamide, and 1% titanium dioxide) and four different concentrations of BD and PT in the base pastes (40/0 - control, 35/5, 30/10 and 20/20) with 60% of bismuth oxide. The experimental sealers were evaluated for setting time, solubility (24 h, 7, 14 and 30 days), diametral tensile strength and Young's Modulus. Data were analyzed by one- or two-way ANOVA with Tukey's test (p<0.05). The addition of PT reduced the materials setting time. After 24 h the sealer 40/0 and 35/5 had higher solubility, and after 14 and 28 days the sealer 20/20 showed the lowest solubility (p<0.05). After 7 days the sealer 20/20 stabilized its solubility. The sealer 40/0 presented the highest values and the 20/20 presented the lowest values of diametral tensile strength and Young's modulus (p<0.05). The addition of PT to calcium-based root canal sealers provides benefits to the setting time and solubility.

Resumo O objetivo neste estudo foi sintetizar e avaliar as propriedades físico-químicas de um novo derivado do salicilato em cimentos endodônticos experimentais à base de cálcio. Dois derivados de salicilato foram sintetizados por meio de uma reação de trans esterificação do salicilato de metila com dois diferentes alcoóis (1,3-butilenoglicol dissalicilato-BD e pentaeritritol tetrassalicilato-PT) na proporção molar de 1: 3 e 1:6, respectivamente. Os produtos (BD e PT), foram caracterizados por espectroscopia infravermelho transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN). Os cimentos experimentais à base de cálcio foram preparados com a mesma pasta catalisadora (60% de MTA, 39% de N-etil o/p toluenosulfonamida e 1% de dióxido de titânio) e quatro concentrações diferentes de BD e PT nas pastas base (40/0 - controle, 35/5, 30/10 e 20/20) com 60% de óxido de bismuto. Os cimentos foram avaliados quanto ao tempo de endurecimento, à solubilidade (24 h, 7, 14 e 28 dias), resistência à tração diametral e ao módulo de elasticidade. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA um ou dois fatores e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). A adição de PT reduziu o tempo de endurecimento dos materiais testados. Após 24 horas os cimentos 40/0 e 35/5 apresentaram maior solubilidade que os demais e após 14 e 28 dias o cimento 20/20 foi o que apresentou menor solubilidade (p<0,05). Após 7 dias o grupo 20/20 estabilizou a sua solubilidade. O cimento 40/0 apresentou os maiores valores e o cimento 20/20 apresentou os menores valores de resistência à tração diametral e módulo de elasticidade (p<0,05). A adição de PT a cimentos à base de cálcio possibilita benefícios ao tempo de presa e solubilidade.